Load frequency control scheme for a microgrid system with the application of hTLO-DE algorithm

Load frequency control (LFC) is a crucial feature of electric power systems to maintain a balance between power supply and load demand, thus avoiding a deviation of the grid frequency. The present work aims to implement an effective LFC scheme for a microgrid system consisting of a diesel generator (DEG), a wind turbine generator (WTG) and a battery storage system. Proportional-integral-double-derivative (PIDD) controllers are used to implement the proposed LFC scheme. The controller parameters are computed using an innovative hybrid teaching-learning-optimization differential-evaluation (hTLO-DE) algorithm. The main scope of the work lies in application of hTLO-DE optimized PIDD controllers in DEG-WTG-battery storage based MG system. The results obtained with PIDD controllers are compared with those obtained with the traditional PI and PID controllers. A critical analysis shows that the PIDD controller can provide better dynamic responses in terms of settling time and magnitude of oscillations compared to PI and PID controllers. The frequency responses of the system are studied under different scenarios of generation and load variations, which establishes the robustness of the proposed PIDD-based LFC scheme

Integration of Interfacial and Alloy Effects to Modulate Catalytic Performance of Metal-Organic-Framework-Derived Cu-Pd Nanocrystals toward Hydrogenolysis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

Selective formation of 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) by hydrogenolysis of lignocellulosic biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is highly desirable for renewable liquid biofuel production. Here we have synthesized Cu-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles embedded in carbon matrix (Cu-Pd@C) by simple pyrolysis of Pd-impregnated Cu-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) followed by conventional hydrogenation route. It was found that Cu-Pd@C-B (solid-gas-phase hydrogenation route) with Cu-Pd bimetallic alloying exhibited brilliant catalytic performance at 120 degrees C under 15 bar H-2 pressure to produce liquid DMF biofuel with 96.5% yield from HMF as compared with the Cu-Pd@C-A catalyst (liquid phase hydrogenation route), which gave 46.4% yield under the same conditions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) studies reveal that Pd in Cu-Pd@C-B catalyst is electronically promoted by Cu with the unique intrinsic synergy of increased Pd-Pd bond distance and decreased Cu-Cu bond length, which eventually modulate the local atomic structural environment and result in enhanced catalytic activity. Moreover, the entrapped bimetallic nanoparticles with carbon shells in Cu-Pd@C-B catalyst further protect the active catalytic site from migration, aggregation, and leaching during hydrogenolysis reaction and improve the stability of the catalyst